Overview

The remarkable achievements that modern science has made in physics, chemistry, biology, medicine and engineering contrast sharply with our limited knowledge of the human mind and behaviour. A major reason for this slow progress, claims Gary Cziko, is that with few exceptions, behavioural and cognitive scientists continue to apply a Newtonian-inspired view of animate behaviour as an organism's output determined by environmental input. This one-way cause-effect approach ignores the important findings of two major 19th-century biologists, French physiologist Claud Bernard and English naturalist Charles Darwin. Approaching living organisms as purposeful systems that behave in order to control their perceptions of the external environment provides a new perspective for understanding what, why and how living things, including humans, do what they do. Cziko examines in particular perceptual control theory, which has its roots in Bernard's work on the self-regulating nature of living organisms and in the work of engineers who developed the field of cybernetics during and after World War II. He also shows how our evolutionary past together with Darwinian processes currently occurring within our bodies, such as the evolution of new brain connections, provide insights into the immediate and ultimate causes of behaviour. Writing in an accessible style, Cziko shows how the lessons of Bernard and Darwin, updated with the best of current scientific knowledge, can provide solutions to certain long-standing theoretical and practical problems in behavioural science and enable us to develop new methods and topics for research.

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