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In the aftermath of the Revolutionary War, America remained very volatile. One outgrowth of this was Shays' Rebellion, an armed uprising in Massachusetts that pitted a group of dissatisfied residents against the nascent state authorities. Edward Bellamy (March 26, 1850 - May 22, 1898) was an American author and socialist, most famous for his utopian novel, Looking Backward, a tale set in the distant future of the year 2000. Bellamy's vision of a harmonious future world inspired the formation of at least 165 Nationalist Clubs dedicated to the propagation of Bellamy's political ideas and working to make them a practical reality. *Early years* Edward Bellamy was born in Chicopee, Massachusetts. His father was Rufus King Bellamy (1816-1886), a Baptist minister and a descendant of Joseph Bellamy.His mother, Maria Louisa Putnam Bellamy, was herself the daughter of a Baptist minister named Benjamin Putnam, a man forced to withdraw from the ministry in Salem, Massachusetts, following objections to his becoming a Freemason.Bellamy attended public school at Chicopee Falls before leaving for Union College of Schenectady, New York, where he studied for just two semesters.Upon leaving school, Bellamy made his way to Europe for a year, spending extensive time in Germany.Bellamy briefly studied law but abandoned that field without ever having practiced as a lawyer, instead entering the world of journalism. In this capacity Bellamy briefly served on the staff of the New York Post before returning to his native Massachusetts to take a position at the Springfield Union.At the age of 25, Bellamy developed tuberculosis, the disease that would ultimately kill him.He suffered with its effects throughout his adult life. In an effort to regain his health, Bellamy spent a year in the Hawaiian Islands (1877 to 1878).Returning to the United States, Bellamy decided to abandon the daily grind of journalism in favor of literary work, which put fewer demands upon his time and his health.Bellamy married Emma Augusta Sanderson in 1882. The couple had two children... Francis Julius Bellamy (May 18, 1855 - August 28, 1931) was a Christian socialist minister and author, best known for writing the American Pledge of Allegiance.rancis Julius Bellamy was born in Mount Morris, NY. His family was deeply involved in the Baptist church and they moved to Rome, NY when Bellamy was only 5. Here, Bellamy became an active member of the First Baptist Church; which his father was minister of until his death in 1864. He attended college at the University of Rochester, in Rochester, NY and studied theology and was part of the Alpha Delta Phi Fraternity. As a young man, he became a Baptist minister and, influenced by the vestiges of the Second Great Awakening, began to travel to promote his faith and help his community. Bellamy's travels brought him to Massachusetts. It was there that he penned the Pledge of Allegiance for a campaign by the Youth's Companion; a patriotic circular of the day. Bellamy believed in the absolute separation of church and state and did not include the phrase one nation under God within his original pledge....

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