Overview

The first edition of this book has been out of print for seven years. The ques- tion as to whether a new edition should be produced was answered affirmatively on many counts. I think that the considerations which led me to write this book in 1949 are still valid (see Preface to the First Edition). Moreover, a description of those areas of interest which together comprise the field of Mineralogy seems to be more necessary than ever, because of the rapid advances which have been made. Due to the rapid extension of our knowledge, I did not dare again to treat the whole field by myself. Accordingly, Professor ZEMANN kindly agreed to revise the first part of the book dealing with Crystallography. He made many important corrections. In Part II the basic question arose as to whether the physical-chemical approach to rock forming processes, becoming more and more important, required inclusive treatment of the fundamentals of physical chemistry in the book. I see certain dangers in trying to produce a petrology text which is physical chemically self-sufficient. Thus, I retain the same opinion which prevailed when I wrote the previous edition; namely that the necessary basic knowledge should be acquired in lectures and laboratory classes in physics, chemistry, and physical chemistry, and with the help of standard literature dealing with these subjects. This back- ground is, therefore, presumed and fundamentals are only referred to occasionally.

Full Product Details

Author:   Carl W. Correns ,  William D. Johns ,  Josef Zemann ,  Sigmund Koritnig
Publisher:   Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG
Imprint:   Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K
Weight:   1.040kg
ISBN:  

9783540044437

ISBN 10:   3540044434
Pages:   496
Publication Date:   01 January 1969
Audience:   Professional and scholarly ,  Professional & Vocational
Format:   Hardback
Publisher's Status:   Active
Availability:   Out of stock  
The supplier is temporarily out of stock of this item. It will be ordered for you on backorder and shipped when it becomes available.

Table of Contents

I. Crystallography.- I. Crystal Mathematics.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Descriptive Crystallography.- Law of Constancy of Interfacial Angles.- Angular Measurement.- Axial Intercepts and Indices.- Crystal Calculations.- Law of Rational Indices.- Zones.- Axial Systems.- The Stereographic Projection.- 3. Crystal Symmetry.- Simple Symmetry Operations.- Combined Symmetry Operations.- 4. The 32 Crystal Classes.- The Triclinic Classes.- The Monoclinic Classes.- The Orthorhombic Classes.- Significance of Class Symbols.- The Trigonal Classes.- The Hexagonal Classes.- The Tetragonal Classes.- The Cubic Classes.- Additional Symbols and Names for the 32 Crystal Classes.- 5. Space Groups.- The 14 Translation Lattices (Space Lattices).- The Way to the 230 Space Groups.- Space Lattice Description.- II. Crystal Chemistry.- 1. Ionic Bonding.- Ionic Radii.- Radius Ratios and Coordination Number.- Deviations from Theory.- Pauling's Rules.- Polymorphism.- Isomorphism.- Camouflage and Capture.- 2. Transition to Other Bond Types.- Polarization, Layer Lattices.- Complex Ions.- Crystal Chemical Formulae.- Structures of the Silicates.- Model Structures.- Structural (OH).- Structural Water (H2O).- 3. Covalent Bonding.- 4. Intermolecular Bonding.- 5. Metallic Bonding.- Pure Metals.- Alloys.- The Hume-Rothery Rule.- Laves Phases.- Transition to Other Bond Types.- 6. Summary of Bond Types.- 7. Crystal Structures as Packed Spheres.- 8. Deviations from Ideal Crystals.- Defects.- Regular Intergrowths.- Imperfections.- Dislocations.- Twinning.- Summary.- III. Crystal Physics.- 1. Plastic Deformation.- General.- Mechanical Twinning.- Translation Gliding.- Theory of Plastic Deformation.- 2. Strength Properties.- Cleavage.- Compression-, Tensile-, and Bending-Strength.- Hardness.- Abrasion Strength.- Percussion and Pressure Figures.- 3. Elastic Behavior.- Free Thermal Dilatation.- Uniform (hydrostatic) Compression.- Pyroelectricity.- Piezoelectricity.- Theory of Unilateral Stress.- 4. Crystal Optics of Visible Light.- a) Optically Isotropic Substances.- Refraction.- Total Reflection.- Reflection.- Luster.- Streak.- Dispersion.- Index of Refraction Determination by the Immersion Method.- b) Optically Anisotropic Substances.- The Discovery of Double Refraction.- Wave Normals.- The Indicatrix.- Polarizers.- An Anisotropic Plate in Parallel and Polarized Light.- A Birefringent Plate between Crossed Polarizers.- The Universal Stage.- The Conoscope.- Strain Birefringence.- Form Birefringence.- Crystal Structure and Birefringence.- c) Optically Active Crystals.- d) Strongly Absorbing Crystals.- Methods of Observation.- Theory.- e) Fluorescence and Discoloration Halos.- 5. X-ray Optics.- The Laue Equations.- The Bragg Equation.- Interrelation of the Bragg and Laue Equations.- The Powder Diffraction Pattern.- Use of Powder Diffraction Patterns.- Fiber Diagrams.- Structure Determination.- Rotating Crystal Methods.- The Laue Method.- The Reciprocal Lattice.- Fourier Synthesis.- Electron Diffraction.- Neutron Diffraction.- Electron Microscopy.- IV. Crystal Growth and Dissolution.- 1. Geometrical Relationships.- Growth Velocities.- Dependence on External Conditions.- Fibrous Growth.- Dissolution.- 2. Structural Considerations.- Depositional Energy of Ionic Crystals.- Lattice Energy of Ionic Crystals.- Growth of NaCl Crystals.- Dissolution of NaCl Crystals.- Growth of a Real Crystal.- Deposition of Foreign Matter.- Growth Accessories.- Crystal Growth Not Leading to Convex Polyhedra.- Destruction of a Real Crystal.- Future Prospects.- II. Petrology.- V. Some Physical-Chemical Fundamentals.- 1. Nucleation and Growth of Nuclei.- Melting Point Determination.- Supercooling.- Centers of Nucleation.- 2. Single Component Systems.- Phases.- Equilibrium.- The System H2O.- Polymorphism.- The System SiO2.- The System Carbon.- 3. Two Component Systems.- The System KNO3-H2O.- The System Diopside-Anorthite.- Eutectic Structures.- Influence of Pressure.- Gibbs' Phase Rule.- The System Leucite- SiO2.- Mixed Crystal Systems (Solid Solution).- Ionic Capture.- 4. Three Component Systems.- The Concentration Triangle.- The System Anorthite-Albite-Diopside.- 5. Hydrous Melts.- The Binary System SiO2-H2O.- The System Diopside-Anorthite-H2O.- The System Albite-Anorthite-H2O.- The Alkali Feldspar System.- VI. Formation of Magmatic (Igneous) Rocks.- 1. Differentiation.- The Reaction Principle.- Filter Pressing.- Assimilation.- Fluid Immiscibility.- 2. Survey of Igneous Rocks.- Methods of Classification.- Structures.- Textures.- Geological Classifications.- Mineralogical Classification.- Chemical Classifications.- Abundance of Igneous Rock Types.- 3. Abundance of the Chemical Elements.- Summary.- Titanium.- Phosphorus.- Zirconium.- Sulfur.- 4. The Role of Volatile Constituents.- The System Salt-Water.- Supercritical Phenomena.- The Complete Diagram.- Volatile Constituents and Intrusion of Magmas.- Differentiation by Volatile Constituents.- Summary of Magmatic Mineral Formation.- 5. Pneumato-hydrothermal Mineral Formation.- Pegmatites.- Hydrothermal Mineral Deposits, Ore Veins.- Exhalative Mineral Formation.- VII. Weathering and Soil Mineral Formation.- 1. Mechanical Weathering.- Thermal Weathering.- Frost Wedging.- Salt Expansion.- 2. Chemical Weathering.- Solution.- Silicate Weathering.- 3. The Behavior of Si, Al, and Fe in Soils.- Colloids.- The Behavior of Silicon.- The Behavior of Aluminium.- Formation of Aluminium Silicates.- The Behavior of Iron.- Soil Profiles.- 4. Weathering of Ore Deposits.- Iron-bearing Ores.- Lead and Copper Ores.- Cementation Zone.- VIII. Sedimentary Rocks.- 1. Clastic Sediments.- Grain-size Distribution.- Graphical Representation of Size Distribution.- Psephites.- Psammites.- Guide Minerals.- Placer Deposition.- Pelites.- Sedimentary Structures and Textures.- 2. Limestone and Dolomite.- Solubility of Calcium Carbonate.- Terrestrial Limestone Formation.- Marine, Inorganic Carbonate Formation and Dissolution.- Marine Biochemical Carbonate Formation.- Dolomite Formation.- Nomenclature.- 3. Sedimentary Iron and Manganese Deposits.- Terrestrial Iron Ore Formation.- Redox Potential.- Marine Iron Ore Formation.- Glauconite Formation.- Sulfide Formation.- Sedimentary Manganese Deposits.- 4. Phosphate Deposits.- 5. Siliceous Rocks.- 6. Evaporite Deposits.- The Source of Ions.- Terrestrial Evaporite Formation.- Salt Content of Sea Water.- Mineralogy of Marine Evaporites.- The System CaSO4-H2O.- Two Salts in Aqueous Solution.- The Order of Crystallization from Sea Water.- 7. Rare Elements in Biogenic and Chemical Sediments.- 8. Structures and Textures of Biogenic and Chemical Sediments.- IX. Metamorphic Petrogenesis.- 1. Types of Metamorphism.- 2. Chemical Processes in Metamorphism.- a) Isochemical Metamorphism.- ?) Fundamentals.- Diagenesis.- Isophase Recrystallization.- Allophase Recrystalli-zation.- The Wollastonite Phase Diagram.- Reactions in the Solid State.- Pore Films and Pore Melts.- ?) Facies Classification.- The Zonal Concept.- Definition of Mineral Facies.- Construction of ACF and A'KF Diagrams.- Contact Metamorphic Facies.- Regional Metamorphic Facies.- ?) Retrograde Metamorphism.- b) Allochemical Recrystallization. Metasomatism.- General.- Dolomitization.- Silicification.- Kaolinization.- Sericitization.- Serpentinization.- Skarn.- Hydrothermal Ore Metasomatism.- Greisen.- Alkali Metasomatism.- c) Fabric of Recrystallized Rocks.- Pseudomorphs.- Relics.- Blastic Structure.- The Idio-blastic Series.- Porphyroblasts.- Concretions.- 3. Rock Deformation.- Fabric of Deformed Rocks.- Description of Preferred Orientation (Foliation).- Laminar Movement.- Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Deformation.- Simple Shear Translation.- Formation of Preferred Orientation (Foliation).- Deformation with Fracture.- Combined Effects of Deformation and Recrystallization.- Stress and Antistress Minerals.- Polymetamorphic Rocks.- 4. The Problem of Anatexis and the Origin of Granite.- 5. Nomenclature of Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks.- a) Definitions of Metamorphic Processes.- b) Metamorphic Rock Nomenclature.- X. Geochemical Considerations.- 1. History of the Concept of Geochemistry.- The Concept.- The History of Geochemistry.- 2. Determining Geochemical Balances.- Goldschmidt's Calculation.- Material Balance for Some Important Elements.- 3. Isotope Geochemistry.- The Unstable Isotopes.- The Stable Isotopes.- 4. Abundance of Elements in the Earth and Cosmos.- Layered Structure of the Earth.- Meteorites.- Cosmic Abundance of the Elements.- III. Appendix.- A. Crystallographic Tables.- 1. Summary of the 32 Crystal Classes.- 2. Alternative Nomenclature for the 32 Crystal Classes.- 3. Rhombohedral Axes.- 4. Comparison of Naumann Symbols and Miller-Bravais Indices (to Assist in Interpreting the Older Crystallographic Literature).- 5. The Symbols for the 230 Space Groups.- 6. Relation between Crystal Symmetry and Physical Properties.- 7. Atomic and Ionic Radii Arranged According to the Periodic Table.- B. Summary of the Common Minerals and Their Properties Mineral Tables.- C. Petrologic Tables.- 1. Igneous Rocks.- a) Intrusive Rocks without Feldspathoids.- b) Extrusive Rocks without Feldspathoids.- c) Intrusive Rocks with Feldspathoids or almost only Dark Minerals.- d) Extrusive Rocks with Feldspathoids or almost only Dark Minerals.- e) Lamprophyres.- 2. Sedimentary Rocks.- a) Sandstones and Graywackes.- b) Clays and Shales.- c) Limestones, Marls, Siliceous Limestones, Dolomite.- d) Siliceous Rocks, Tuffites, Iron Ores.- 3. Metamorphic Rocks.- a) Diagenetic and Regional Metamorphic Rocks.- b) Metasomatically Altered Rocks.- c) Contact Metamorphic Rocks.- Literature.- Author Index.- Mineral Index.

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