Genomes and Genomics of Nitrogen-fixing Organisms

Author:   Rafael Palacios ,  William E. Newton
Publisher:   Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Edition:   2005 ed.
Volume:   3
ISBN:  

9781402030536


Pages:   242
Publication Date:   15 February 2005
Format:   Hardback
Availability:   In Print   Availability explained
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Genomes and Genomics of Nitrogen-fixing Organisms


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Overview

Genomes and Genomics of Nitrogen-fixing Organisms This is Volume 3 of a seven-volume series on all aspects of Nitrogen Fixation. The series aims to be the definitive authority in the field and to act as a benchmark for some years to come. Rather than attempting to cram the whole field into a single volume, the subject matter is divided among seven volumes to allow authors the luxury of writing in depth with a comprehensive reference base. All authors are recognized practicing scientists in the area of their contribution, which ensures the high quality, relevance, and readability of the chapters. In establishing the rationale for, and the organization of, this book, we realized the need to divide it into two sections. The first section should be organism based and should review our current knowledge of the genomes of nitrogen-fixing organisms and what these nucleotide sequences tell us. The second section should then be technology based. It should review what technologies are available to mine the data inherent in the nucleotide sequences and how they are now being used to produce gene-function data from differential gene expression.

Full Product Details

Author:   Rafael Palacios ,  William E. Newton
Publisher:   Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Imprint:   Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Edition:   2005 ed.
Volume:   3
Dimensions:   Width: 15.60cm , Height: 1.50cm , Length: 23.20cm
Weight:   1.220kg
ISBN:  

9781402030536


ISBN 10:   1402030533
Pages:   242
Publication Date:   15 February 2005
Audience:   General/trade ,  General
Format:   Hardback
Publisher's Status:   Active
Availability:   In Print   Availability explained
This item will be ordered in for you from one of our suppliers. Upon receipt, we will promptly dispatch it out to you. For in store availability, please contact us.

Table of Contents

Preface to the Series. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii List of Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv Chapter 1. Origins of Genomics in Nitrogen-Fixation Research G. Dávila and R. Palacios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2. Symbiotic Organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3. Free-Living Organism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Chapter 2. Genomics of Diazotrophic Archaea J. A. Leigh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2. The Core nif-gene Cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3. Other nif Genes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 4. Other Nitrogen Assimilatory Genes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5. PII Proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Chapter 3. GenomicAspects of Nitrogen Fixation in the Clostridia J.-S. Chen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2. The Nitrogen-Fixing Clostridia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3. The Genome of the Clostridia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 4. Organization of the Nitrogen-Fixation Gene Cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 5. Regulatory Genes for Nitrogen Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 6. Altenative Nitrogen-Fixation (anf) Genes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 7. Genes for Nitrogen Assimilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 8. Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Chapter 4. The Genome of the Filamentous Cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme J. C. Meeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2. Phenotypic Traits of N. punctiforme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 3. Overview of the N. punctiforme Genome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 4. N. punctiforme genes Involved in Heterocyst Formation, Nitrogenase Expression, and Ammonia and Nitrate Assimilation . . . . . . . . . . 46 5. Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 References . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Chapter 5. The nif Genes of Rhodobacter capsulatus, Rhodobacter sphaeroides and Rhodopseudomonas palustris R. Haselkorn and V. Kapatral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 2. Regulation of the Nitrogen-Fixation System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 3. Operon Structure and Gene Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Chapter 6. Genomic Architecture of the Multiple Replicons of the Promiscuous Rhizobium Species NGR234 P. Mavingui, X. Perret and W. J. Broughton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 2. Promiscuity of NGR234 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 3. Structural Organization of the NGR234 Genome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 4. Coding Capacity of eth NGR234 Genome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 5. Conclusions and Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Chapter 7. Facets of the Bradyrhizobium japonicum 110 Genome M. Göttfert, H. Hennecke and S. Tabata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 2.Materials and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 3. Genome Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 4. Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Chapter 8. pSymA of Sinorhizobium meliloti: Nitrogen Fixation and More M. J. Barnett and M. L. Kahn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 2. History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 3. The pSymA Sequence Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 4. General Features of pSymA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 5. Comparative Genomics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 6. Plasmid Biology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 7. Elements of External Origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 8. Transfer RNA Genes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 9. Nodulation Genes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 10. Nitrogen-Fixation Genes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 11. Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 12. Chemotaxis and Pilus Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 13. Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 123 14. Regulation and Signal Transduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 15. Stress Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 16. Sulfur Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 17. Orphan Genes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 18. Genome-Wide Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 19. A Strategy for Analyzing pSymA of S. meliloti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Chapter 9. Rhizobium etli Genome Biology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 2. Rhizobium etli Genome Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 3. Rhizobium Genome Plasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 4. Rhizobium etli Taxomony and Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Chapter 10. The Dawn of Functional Genomics in Nitrogen-Fixation Research S. Encarnación . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 2. Functional Genomics – The Role of Gene-Expression Studies . . . . 144 3. The Transcriptome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145 4. Transcriptomics in Nitrogen-Fixation Research. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 5. Transcriptomics in Plants during Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation . . . 148 6. The Proteome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 7. Proteomics and Nitrogen-Fixation Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 8. Proteomics in Plants during Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation . . . . . . . . 156 9. Proteomics in Concert with Transcriptomics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 10. Global Approaches to Study the R. etli-P. vulgaris Interaction . . . 158 11. Protein-Protein Interactions: Applications of Molecular Maps . . . 160 12. Transcriptomics, Proteomics and Bioinformatics . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 13. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Chapter 11. Transcriptomics in Sinorhizobium meliloti A. Becker and F. J. De Bruijn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 1. Introduction to Transcriptomics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 2. Introduction to the Biological System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 3. Sinorhizobium meliloti Microarrays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 4. S. meliloti Macroarrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 5. Conclusions and Perspectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 References . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Chapter 12. Genome Dynamics in Rhizobial Organisms R. Palacios and M. Flores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 2. Reiterated Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 3. Genomic Instability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 4. Natural Gene Amplication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 5. Artificial Gene Amplification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 6. Dynamics of Genome Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 7. Prediction of Genome Rearrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 8. Identification of Genome Rearrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 9. Artificial Selection of Genomic Rearrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 10. Natural Genomic Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 11. Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 Chapter 13. Impact of Genomics on the Reconstruction of Evolutionary Relationships of Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria and Implications for Taxomony P. Van Berkum and B. D. Eardly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 1. Systematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 2. Current Reflections for Evolution of Diazotrophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 3. Reconstruction of Evolutionary Relationships among Members of the Kingdom Monera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 4. The Rapid Spread of Antibiotic Resistance: Implications of Reticulate Microbial Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 5. Mechanisms of Horizontal Gene Transfer in Microbes . . . . . . . . . . 205 6. Significance of Horizontal Gene transfer in Nature . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 7. Evidence for Lateral Gene Transfers and Recombination in Microbial Genomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 8. Genomic Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 9. Microbial Evolution and Genetic Recombination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 10. Established Species Concepts Applied to Bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 11. A Proposed Unified Species fro Bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 12. Relevant Insights from Recent Genomic Comparisons . . . . . . . . . 212 13. Implications and Future Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 Chapter 14. The Phylogeny and Evolution of Nitrogenases J. P. W. Young . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 2. The Genetic Organization of Nitrogenase Genes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 3. Nitrogenase Genes from Genome Sequencing Projects. . . . . . . . . . 224 4. Organization of the Nitrogenase Genes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 5. Evolutionary Relationships of the Nitrogenase Genes . . . . . . . . . . . 225 6. Nitrogenase Phylogeny versus Organism Phylogeny . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 7. Nitrogenase Genes in their Genomic Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 8. Conclusions and Prospects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Subject Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

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