Overview

From Being to Self: The Crisis of Modern Thought offers a concise yet penetrating critique of the philosophical trajectory of the modern West. Rather than serving as a neutral introduction, this work seeks to uncover the underlying movement that has shaped modern philosophy from its inception to its contemporary forms. Beginning with René Descartes and the shift toward epistemological certainty grounded in the thinking subject, the essay traces the progressive displacement of metaphysics by rationalism, empiricism, and ultimately various forms of immanentism. From Kant's critical philosophy to post-Kantian idealism, from phenomenology and existentialism to analytic philosophy and French theory, modern thought is examined as a gradual transition from the primacy of Being to the centrality of the self. This development is interpreted not merely as an intellectual evolution, but as a profound transformation in the nature of knowledge itself: the eclipse of the intellect as a faculty of principial insight, replaced by discursive reason, empirical validation, and subjective coherence. The result is what may be described as a crisis of modern thought, marked by fragmentation, relativism, and the loss of any stable metaphysical ground. In contrast, the essay gestures toward an alternative orientation, rooted in a traditional understanding of knowledge grounded in the Real and not in the isolated subject. Drawing implicitly on Islamic metaphysics, it proposes a re-centering of thought around principles that transcend both individual subjectivity and historical contingency. Written in a clear and accessible style while engaging with complex philosophical traditions, this work provides a panoramic overview of modern philosophy as well as a principial critique of its foundations. It is intended for readers seeking not only to understand modern thought, but to question its assumptions and limits.

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